Learn About The History of Eating Disorders

Learn About The History of Eating Disorders History and Biographies Print History of Eating Disorders Are Eating Disorders a Modern Illness? By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Updated on September 15, 2019 Photo by Rebecca Muhlheim. More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand The Historical Record History of Anorexia Nervosa History of Bulimia Nervosa History of Binge Eating Disorder Diagnostic History In Summary View All Back To Top Given the current sociocultural fixation with thinness, you could reasonably conclude that eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, are relatively recent phenomena. However, historical evidence shows eating disorders have been around for quite some timeâ€"albeit maybe in somewhat different forms. The Historical Record The earliest historical descriptions of people experiencing symptoms consistent with modern-day eating disorders date back to Hellenistic (323 BC-31 BC) and medieval times (5th -15th century AD). Around this time, purification through the denial of physical needs and the material world emerged as a cultural theme. There is a report of an upper class twenty-year-old Roman girl starving herself to death in pursuit of holiness. There are additional accounts from the Middle Ages of extreme self-induced fasting that often led to premature death by starvationâ€" Catherina of Siena is one example. Deprivation of food was seen as a spiritual practice and women were disproportionately afflicted. Some contemporary authors have dubbed these fasting habits “holy anorexia.” The motivation for this fasting seems to be different than the drive for thinness that dominates today’s discussions of eating disorders. Despite this, many believe that this is the same disorder, merely assuming different cultural meanings based on the sociocultural climate. 9 Essential Facts About Eating Disorders History of Anorexia Nervosa In 1689, English physician Richard Morton described two cases of “nervous consumption” â€"one in a boy and one in a girl. These are considered the earliest modern cases of the illness we now know as anorexia nervosa. He described the lack of a physical explanation for the loss of appetite and wasting and hence, determined “this Consumption to be Nervous.” The next cases reported were about 100 years later. In 1873, Sir William Gull, another English physician, coined the term “anorexia nervosa” in published case reports. Also, in 1873, a French physician, Ernest Charles Lasegue published descriptions of individuals with “anorexie hysterique.” The American doctor Hilde Bruch greatly influenced the understanding of modern anorexia nervosa. She published numerous articles and books. It was at this time that anorexia became more widely known. More recent research has advanced our knowledge and some of Dr. Bruch’s ideasâ€"such as those that implicate early family dynamics as causing the disorderâ€"are now considered outdated. Earlier psychoanalytic explanations of the illness have been replaced as our understanding of the genetic and biological processes have increased. Researchers Keel and Klump (2003) propose that the differing motivations for food refusal across historical time periods may represent culturally meaningful ways to understand a disorder that leaves peopleâ€"disproportionately, femalesâ€"feeling unable and unwilling to eat. History of Bulimia Nervosa In contrast to anorexia nervosaâ€"which appears to have been noted throughout historyâ€"bulimia nervosa appears to be a more modern development. Bulimia nervosa was first described as a variant of anorexia in 1979 by British psychiatrist, Gerald Russell. Russell himself believed that bulimia nervosa was a culture-bound condition and did not believe that extrapolating to historical cases of overeating and vomiting were relevant to our modern understanding of the disorder. Nevertheless, purging was a practice in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Arabia, cultures in which it was used to prevent diseases believed to come from food. Physicians also prescribed it. Some early Roman emperors were observed to eat to excess and then vomit. Some writers have disagreed with Russell and propose this behavior was an early historical variant of bulimia nervosa, lackingâ€"as in the case of the early accounts of anorexia nervosaâ€"the modern drive for thinness. Searches for descriptions of bulimia nervosa in the early medical literature have been less fruitful than those for anorexia nervosa. Among the earliest cases that bear a clear resemblance to modern bulimia nervosa is the case of Nadia, described by Pierre Janet in 1903. She displayed dietary restriction, fear of fatness, and episodes of binge eating. Another early description, the case of Patient D, was described by Mosche Wulff  in 1932. This patient engaged in periods of fasting alternating with periods of overeating and vomiting. In 1960 US psychiatrists Bliss and Branch published case histories that included a number of cases of bingeing and vomiting. The German psychiatrist Ziolko published papers in the 1970s describing patients who engaged in compulsive food intake and vomiting and experienced increased weight concerns. The 1970s spawned case reports of patients with what more clearly resembles modern-day bulimia nervosa. Gerald Russell published his case series of 30 patients between 1972 and 1978 who reported self-induced vomiting as an attempt to mitigate the effects of episodes of overeating. It was determined that these represented a syndrome that was distinct from anorexia nervosa but shared the same fear of fatness. His famous paper, published in 1979, called bulimia nervosa “an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa.” In 1976, Christopher Fairburn also saw an early case of bulimia nervosa and began studying it and developing a treatment for it. The disorder was barely heard of prior to the latter half of the 20th century; since then, it has become relatively common. History of Binge Eating Disorder Binge eating disorder was even later on the scene. Binge eating disorder was first described in 1959 by psychiatrist Albert Stunkard, who coined the term “Night Eating Syndrome”. He later specified that binge eating could occur without the nocturnal component of that disorder. Binge eating disorder was first studied in weight loss populations. In 1993 a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy manual for binge eating and bulimia nervosa was published by Fairburn, Marcus, and Wilson. This manual described how Cognitive Behavioral Therapy could effectively treat bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. It went on to become the most studied manual for the treatment of eating disorders Diagnostic History The three major disorders entered the diagnostic and statistical manual in the same order. Anorexia nervosa was accepted as a psychological disorder in the late 1800s after the early reports recounted above. In 1952, it earned a place in the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-I), the first eating disorder to do so. However, it was officially categorized: “006-580 Psychophysiologic gastrointestinal reaction” in a broad category that included gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and ulcerative colitis. The common factor was that emotional factors were believed to play a causal role. The DSM’s Second Edition (DSM-II) was published in 1968. Anorexia was categorized under Special Symptoms (306). “This category is for the occasional patient whose psychopathology is manifested by discrete, specific symptoms. An example might be anorexia nervosa under Feeding disturbance as listed below. It does not apply, however, if the symptom is the result of an organic illness or defect or other mental disorder. For example, anorexia nervosa due to schizophrenia would not be included here.” Other diagnoses in this category in the DSM-II included: 306.0 Speech disturbance 306.1 Specific learning disturbance 306.2 Tic 306.3 Other psychomotor disorder 306.4 Disorder of sleep 306.5 Feeding disturbance 306.6 Enuresis 306.7 Encopresis 306.8 Cephalalgia 306.9 Other special symptom In the DSM-III (1980), Eating Disorders debuted as a diagnostic category under the rubric of disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence. Bulimiaâ€"not yet called bulimia nervosaâ€"made its first appearance in this edition. The other eating disorders included in DSM-III were anorexia nervosa, pica, rumination disorder, and atypical eating disorder. With the publication of the DSM-IV in 1994, bulimia nervosa appeared in its current form, with the required feature of shape and weight concerns. Binge eating disorder (BED) was also mentioned for the first time. At this point, BED was still not known as an independent disorder but included in an appendix as a proposed diagnosis for future study. In this edition, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa were moved out of the disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence and became their ownâ€"Eating Disordersâ€"while the other disorders (pica, rumination disorder, and feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood) remained in the category Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood. Binge eating disorder finally made an appearance as an independent diagnosis in the DSM-5 in 2013. The categories of “Eating Disorders” and “Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood” were reunited in the new umbrella category, Feeding and Eating Disorders. The DSM-5 also included avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), for the first time. It replaced Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood. In Summary While anorexia nervosa appears to have existed for centuries and to take on meaning according to the sociocultural context, bulimia nervosa is believed to be a more modern disorder influenced by sociocultural factors, specifically the intensified idealization of thinness and the increased availability of high-density foods. Binge eating relies on large stores of readily edible food so is limited to places and periods with abundant food. Purging appears limited to a context in which prevention of weight gain is culturally meaningful. Our understanding of these illnesses continues to expand and evolve. We now know they are complex illnesses caused by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. We recognize that the affect people of all genders, ages, races, ethnicities, body shapes and weights, sexual orientations, and socioeconomic statuses. An Overview of Eating Disorders

The Renaissance, Renaissance And The Renaissance Period

Renaissance is a time period that starts a transitional cultural movement in Europe between medieval times and modern times. It means rebirth and begins in 14th century and lasts into the 17th century. Through out this time, many aspects were influenced by this cultural movement, such as art, music, science, religion and politics. Renaissance was marked by the humanistic revival, and people in Europe used this method in study, in order to searched for realism and human themselves in art. There are three stages within this time, called early Renaissance, high Renaissance and the late Renaissance. In history, the last two stages were very noticeable, although they both belongs to the Renaissance, there are many differences between†¦show more content†¦His greatest art work Mona Lisa is a non-religious painting, it not only shows the idea of humanism, also gives out other characteristics in the High Renaissance which are the use of harmony and balance. No matter the color or th e shadow scale, they all makes this painting more harmony. Also, the face and body of Mona Lisa are all in the middle, in order to give this painting a feeling of balance. Another example to show humanism is in Fra Filippo Lippi’s painting called Madonna and Child with Two Angels . In this art work, it is easy to see that Madonna and the Christ Child were drew just like human, in some ways people cannot even tell that these are divine figures. They have become so real, the outline of the halo gets weaker, Madonna’s facial expression looks sadly but not holy, although she is praying. In the late 15th century, Leonardo creates figures who are physical and real, and also come up with the other important element during the High Renaissance which is realism. When Leonardo was young, he was apprenticed to Andrea del Verrocchio — an famous Early Renaissance artist. He asked Leonardo to paint one of the angels in his painting called Baptism of Christ . 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It came about because of a change in the way of thinking. In an effort to learn, people began to want to understand the world around them. This study of the world and how it works was the start of a new age of science. â€Å"The people were curious and questioned the known wisdom of the church. They began to use experimentation and observation to solve worldly problems†. (Johnson). ManyRead MoreThe Renaissance Period1455 Words   |  6 PagesThe Renaissance period, also known as the time of â€Å"rebirth†, brought many new ideas from the early 14th to late 16th century. These ideas derived from old medieval beliefs coinciding with new modernist attitudes (â€Å"Bas ic Ideas of the Renaissance,† 2012). Of the many changes that occurred, politics and power, humanism, and the Protestant Reformation predominated. Many desired a strong central government and an end to feudalism, which gave way for the establishment of monarchies (â€Å"Introduction to RenaissanceRead MoreThe Period Of The Renaissance Period887 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance literally means rebirth. It refers particularly to the rebirth of learning during this period. There was a tremendous revival of classical literature and art, but in the end it was the joining of this with the intellect of the Italian people that lead to the change of the Western World. This period was definitely more than just a rebirth though, it was also an age of new discoveries, both geographic and intellectual. Both of these resulted in changes of tremendous importance for WesternRead MoreThe Baroque And The Renaissance Period947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Art period went through many different transitional phases to become what it is now, but the most famous of these phases are the Baroque and the Renaissance period. During the Renaissance saw the appearance of the â€Å"rebirth† of its country. the painters use realistic portrayals of nature and the human figure by artists that were inspired by the ancient Greek and Roman art and culture. However, during the Baroque creative phase,the artwork that seemed to be unrealistic, clear and produced many

The Role Of Standardisation Of Human Rights - 1170 Words

In this essay, the writer will illuminate the role of standardisation in facilitating human rights, with particular focus on women’s rights. For a kick up, clear definitions of the key terms, standardisation and human rights will be given. The connection between the two will be further exploited in depth as the write up progresses. According to Wikipedia.org, human rights are ‘commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ It follows therefore, that women’s rights relate to the freedom and right that women are entitled to simply by virtue of being a†¦show more content†¦Statistics from The Africa Renewal Magazine (2012) revealed that women contribute 70% of Agricultural output on the continent, with particular reference to Malawi, but th ey do not have as much ownership on the land. This is because land ownership rights in Africa are largely effected by customary law which is rather preventive of the ownership of land by women. It follows that when these women’s husbands pass on, that land is taken by the deceased’s relatives according to customary law and that is a direct antagonism to development as that woman’s output is lost, together with any hope for her financial independence. In addressing the previously mentioned problems, standardisation plays a role in human rights of spelling out the exact requirements that have to be effected for the implementation process. For example, in Niger, the recent changes in the national assembly structure saw a rise in the participation of women as 15% of the seats are now held by women, according to quotaproject.org. The rights of women indicate the participation of women in politics then the role of the standard is to set the benchmark number of the seats to be held by women. 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Sociology practice Free Essays

This situation Is an example of: Selected Answer: d. Both a and c Question 2 0. 5 out of 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 points Sarah works as a lawyer in a prominent law firm in New York City. She has more awards and recognition in her field than any of her colleagues, and has also been with the firm the longest (aside from the partners). When one of the partners retires, Sarah applies for the promotion. She assumes that with her numerous awards and years with the firm, she will get the promotion to partner. However, John, a far less experienced and qualified lawyer Is given the promotion Instead. Sarah may be the victim of: Selected Answer: c. Glass ceiling Question 3 O out of 0. 5 points Mexican Americans, Irish Americans, and Muslims are all examples of: Selected Answer: c. Both racial and ethnic groups Question 4 whereas women. Is a relationship in which one woman is married to multiple men, s a relationship in which one man is married to multiple Selected Answer: b. Polyandry; polygon Question 5 Sally has worked at General Motors for many years. She started off as a factory worker, worker her way up to factory manager In Just a few years, and Is now a regional director for all GM factories in the Midwest. This scenario is an example Selected Answer: a. Upward intergenerational mobility Question 6 The trend of credentials in the U. S. Has disadvantaged Blacks and Latino. These groups are less likely to be able to afford a college education, and as a result, re finding it increasingly difficult to find a well-paying Job. Which theoretical perspective would be most likely to make this argument? Selected Answer: a. Hidden Curriculum Question 7 The former caste system in India, in which people were unable to marry and work outside of the caste they were born into, is an example of what kind of stratification system? Selected Answer: c. Closed System Question 8 Ryan holds strong beliefs about people and is always willing to voice his opinion. For example, whenever a conversation about driving comes up, Ryan is always quick o share his opinion that females and Asian-Americans are bad drivers and make it more difficult for White males to drive safely. Which concept best describes Ryan’s beliefs? Selected Answer: d. Stereotype Question 9 Increasingly, the number of degrees/diplomas needed for many Jobs has increased over time. For example, Jobs that only required a high school diploma in the past now require a bachelor’s degree. This trend is known as what? Selected Answer: b. Credentials Gender is not socially constructed; gender is determined by biological differences between males and females. Selected Answer. How to cite Sociology practice, Papers

Manager for one minute Review Essay Example

Manager for one minute Review Paper Essay on Manager for one minute I was always attracted such books! Why? Yes, because I really like the book to assess the number of pages in relation to the usefulness of the material. In this book briefly and clearly served three one-minute management principle. You may ask What is the one-minute management? Briefly, such a control mechanism, wherein each control point lasts approximately one minute. It certainly simplification in there are moments that can not be shortened to just one minute the general meeting, for example. But what can be simplified simplified Everything is laid out in the book -. Very simple. At least so it seems, when you read. The authors tried not to load readers psychological findings, causes and effects of the proposed principles. They have made it easier prpodnesli is in the form of a story. The story of a young man with an inquiring mind. This young man fascinated by the idea to find an effective manager such that equally would care as a result of the project and on the wards. In other words he was looking for someone to successfully manage the principle of win-win. The young man is such a manager and reveals the secrets of his control. We will write a custom essay sample on Manager for one minute Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Manager for one minute Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Manager for one minute Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Do you want to manage people effectively? Do you want to find a balance between pleasing accomplice-manager and severe autocratic manager? Why are there youre at least partially connected with the work of a manager? I think if followed by at least one Yes, you should read this book. Especially because its a classic of the genre like it or not, but at least something is so mean !

How Does Your Child Act essays

How Does Your Child Act essays First of all I think that in the back of every parents mind are questions concerning their childs future. Like will it be a doctor, a lawyer, or the next president of the United States. But with these questions there are also more questions that are not discussed freely like what if it is a bad child or it is uncontrollable? And will it do drugs or try alcohol and smoke cigarettes? Another question that might be in the back of a parents mind is about its childs sexual orientation. I know this may seem far fetched to some people but if I had a child right now in todays world, that question would not be in the back of my mind but in the front. I know that any parent and including me will love their child no matter what its sexual orientation, but I know that most if not all parents would prefer that their kids be straight. This is not so they wont be embarrass or ashamed by their child, but only for the protection of their child. As we all know this world is not a safe place for people that are different. I think that parents are concerned when their girl acts like a tomboy, but they get really scared when their son starts doing what we traditionally consider girl stuff. A child should be raised to be whomever he or she chooses and the child shouldnt have to accept society, but society should accept the child A parents reaction to their daughter acting like a tomboy is very passive and they play it off humorously and sometimes they even encourage it. This doesnt apply to some parents but most parents react this way when their daughter acts like a boy and does boy stuff. I used to know a girl that was a tomboy. She always hung around with boys even in middle school. She had al guy friends and would play boys games. Not once did I ever hear her parents say anything to make her stop acting like a tomboy, instead they encouraged. For instance they...

Interpreting Statistics and Political Polls

Interpreting Statistics and Political Polls At any given time throughout a political campaign, the media may want to know what the public at large thinks about policies or candidates. One solution would be to ask everyone who they would vote for. This would be costly, time-consuming and infeasible. Another way to determine voter preference is to use a statistical sample. Rather than ask every voter to state his or her preference in candidates, polling research companies poll a relatively small number of people who their favorite candidate is. The members of the statistical sample help to determine the preferences of the entire population. There are good polls and not so good polls, so it is important to ask the following questions when reading any results. Who Was Polled? A candidate makes his or her appeal to the voters because the voters are the ones who cast ballots. Consider the following groups of people: AdultsRegistered votersLikely voters To discern the mood of the public any of these groups may be sampled. However, if the intent of the poll is to predict the winner of an election, the sample should be comprised of registered voters or likely voters. The political composition of the sample sometimes plays a role in interpreting poll results. A sample consisting entirely of registered Republicans would not be good if someone wanted to ask a question about the electorate at large. Since the electorate rarely breaks into 50% registered Republicans and 50% registered Democrats, even this type of sample may not be the best to use. When Was the Poll Conducted? Politics can be fast paced. Within a matter of days, an issue arises, alters the political landscape, then is forgotten by most when some new issue surfaces. What people were talking about on Monday sometimes seems to be a distant memory when Friday comes. News runs faster than ever, however, good polling takes the time to conduct. Major events can take several days to show up in poll results. The dates when a poll was conducted should be noted to determine if current events have had time to affect the numbers of the poll. What Methods Were Used? Suppose that Congress is considering a bill that deals with gun control. Read the following two scenarios and ask which is more likely to accurately determine the public sentiment. A blog asks its readers to click on a box to show their support of the bill. A total of 5000 participate and there is overwhelming rejection of the bill.A polling firm randomly calls 1000 registered voters and asks them about their support of the bill. The firm finds that their respondents are more or less evenly split for and against the bill. Although the first poll has more respondents, they are self-selected. It is likely that the people who would participate are those who have strong opinions. It could even be that the readers of the blog are very like-minded in their opinions (perhaps it is a blog about hunting). The second sample is random, and an independent party has selected the sample. Even though the first poll has a larger sample size, the second sample would be better. How Large Is the Sample? As the discussion above shows, a poll with a larger sample size is not necessarily the better poll. On the other hand, a sample size may be too small to state anything meaningful about public opinion. A random sample of 20 likely voters is too small to determine the direction that the entire U.S. population is leaning on an issue. But how large should the sample be? Associated with the size of the sample is the margin of error. The larger the sample size, the smaller the margin of error. Surprisingly, sample sizes as small as 1000 to 2000 are typically used for polls such as Presidential approval, whose margin of error is within a couple of percentage points. The margin of error could be made as small as desired by using a larger sample, however, this would require a higher cost to conduct the poll. Bringing It All Together The answers to the above questions should help in assessing the accuracy of results in political polls. Not all polls are created equally, and often details are buried in footnotes or omitted entirely in news articles that quote the poll. Thats why its important to be informed on how a poll was designed.